wet age related macular degeneration icd 10. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness in elderly people. wet age related macular degeneration icd 10

 
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness in elderly peoplewet age related macular degeneration icd 10 32 - other international versions of ICD-10 H35

H35. 1-5 In 2010, 2. 3 Although an estimated 80% of. 3221 ICD-10 code H35. In macular degeneration, the center of your retina begins to deteriorate. Br J Ophthalmol. 3194: Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration [Geographic atrophy] H35. Short description: Exudative age-rel mclr degn,. It accounts for 8. Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration, left eye. 3210 – H35. Exudative macular degeneration or wet form age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an advanced form of the condition. 3122 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration, left eye, intermediate dry stage . 442 H35. It is the leading cause of blindness in industrialized. Below are commonly used Macular Degeneration ICD Codes: H35. Wet-Age Related Macular Degeneration (wet AMD) TYPE CODE DESCRIPTION Diagnosis: ICD-10-CM H35. wet and dry. 321, H35. 062A [convert to ICD-9-CM] Age -related osteoporosis with current pathological fracture, left lower leg, initial encounter for fracture. Wet age-related macular degeneration, or wet AMD, is an eye condition that affects about 11 million people in the United States — and that number is on the rise. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a problem with your retina. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disorder and is the leading cause of incurable blindness worldwide in the elderly. 32xx), you. 0): 008 Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant;Figure 2 Overall age- and sex-stratified incidence rate of active exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) per 100 000 person-years between 2011 and 2018. It is estimated to increase to 288 million in 2040. It is found in the 2022 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2021 - Sep 30, 2022 . Age-rel osteopor w current path fracture, l low leg, init; Left fibula fracture due to osteoporosis; Left tibia (shin bone) fracture due to osteoporosis; Osteoporotic fracture of. Wet AMD happens when abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula. ICD 10 code for Exudative age-related macular degeneration, unspecified eye, with inactive scar. Neovascular (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H35. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of biosimilar ranibizumab in wet AMD. H35. Treatment options available for our patients are rapidly evolving, and visual outcomes are dramatically improving. ICD-10-CM Code for Exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, with active choroidal neovascularization H35. Age‑related macular degeneration (AMD) affects a tiny part of the central retina at the back of your eye, called the macula. Macular degeneration. Below, we provide a breakdown of commonly used Macular Degeneration ICD-10 codes, along with their billability. 8. 313 is based on the following Tabular structure:. Exudative age-related macular degeneration, left eye. Right exudative age related macular degeneration; Wet age-related macular degeneration. Patients with early dry AMD typically don’t have any symptoms. [1] Over time, however, some people experience a gradual worsening of vision that. 3223 H35. Drusen and disciform lesions have been observed in conjunction for well over 100 years. It is found in the 2024 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2023 - Sep 30, 2024 . H35. To examine whether systemic medications are associated with the subsequent development of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). WMD is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration. 30 is applicable to adult patients aged 15 - 124 years inclusive. Introduction: Wet (neovascular, exudative) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe vision loss in the elderly population of developed societies. Although the wet form of AMD accounts for only 10 to 15% of cases, it is responsible for the. 3222. H35. This disease degrades your central vision by affecting the macula, a region of the retina which is located in the back part of the eye and responsible for central vision. The estimated global prevalence of AMD is 8. The seventh character, the stage, of the ICD-10 code for wet AMD will be 0-3. This condition results in damage to the macula, which is part of the retina. In pathological myopia, the retina and other layers at the back of the eye become so thin that the cells in the retina can die slowly. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness in the United States, particularly in the elderly. The ICD-10 codes for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involve both laterality and staging. 31 - other international versions of ICD-10 H35. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code H35. 32 for Exudative age-related macular degeneration is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range - Diseases of the eye and adnexa . It is a common manifestation in both dry and wet types of age-related macular degeneration. By Quinn. Characterized by drusen formation, macular pigmentary changes, geographic atrophy, and neovascularization of the choriocapillaris with exudation. 3212 is a billable diagnosis code used to specify a medical diagnosis of exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, with inactive choroidal neovascularization. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) ICD-9-CM; 362. To provide guidance to implementing. Age related macular degeneration, exudative; Age-related exudative macular degeneration of left eye; Age-related exudative macular degeneration of right eye; Bilateral age-related exudative degeneration of macula;. WHY WE DID THIS STUDY . 429 Pavingstone degeneration of retina H35. The other type, dry macular degeneration, is more common and less severe. Dry AMD is also more common than wet AMD: About 85 to 90% of age-related macular degeneration diagnoses are dry AMD, according to the American Macular Degeneration Foundation. 32x Exudative age-related macular degeneration Reviews, Revisions, and Approvals Date Approval Date Policy adopted from Health Net NMP283 Neovascular (Wet) Macular Degeneration Treatment 11/16 Reviewed – no changes 11/17 11/17 500 results found. What Is Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Wet AMD is the less common type of age-related macular degeneration, which can result in a rapid loss of central vision in one or both eyes. 3293. 1, 2016, ICD-10 will delete both of those codes, in favor of a series of more specific codes. Macular degeneration affects your macula, the central part of your retina. The changes include adding the seventh slot to describe associated macular edema or neovascularization as: • 0—With macular edema. 3293. It is found in the 2024 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2023 - Sep 30, 2024 . 3211 ICD-10 code H35. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code H35. 439 ICD 10 code for Exudative age-related macular degeneration, bilateral, with active choroidal neovascularization. Because it causes damage (or degeneration) to cells at the center of the eye called the macula, it blurs central, focused vision, making it harder to drive, read. Fluorescein angiogram shows stippled hyperfluorescence consistent with occult choroidal neovascularization, and an RPE detachment. Wet macular degeneration accounts for approximately 10% of cases, but results in 90% of legal blindness. Genome-wide association studies have uncovered 52 independent common and rare variants across 34 genetic loci, which influence susceptibility to age related macular degeneration (AMD). About 85% of people with AMD have only the dry type. 51 ( Nonexudative senile macular degeneration) before Oct. Age-related macular degeneration is an eye disease that is a leading cause of vision loss in older people in developed countries. Wet age-related macular. These 4 changes occur in the. Patients with this “dry” form may have good. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative retinal disease that causes progressive loss of central vision. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H35. 322 - other international versions of. 3211,This article focuses on changes to the diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) codes. Billable - H35. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), 10-15 million individuals have the condition and about 10 percent of those affected have the wet type of macular degeneration ("Are You at Risk," 2010). 3291 ICD-10 code H35. 3232 may differ. Wet age-related macular. 3122. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H35. 3233. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H35. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H35. In industrialized countries, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in adults older than 60 years of age. 3111, H35. 3132 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration, bilateral, intermediate dry stage . 3213 is a billable diagnosis code used to specify a medical diagnosis of exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, with inactive scar. ICD-10 Diagnosis Code: H35. Summary. 30 is applicable to adult patients aged 15 through 124 years. 319 Non-exudative age-related macular degeneration, unspecified eye. 518 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. 329 became effective on October 1, 2023. It is a complication of diabetes and. It is found in the 2024 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2023 - Sep 30, 2024 . TREAT WET AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION . Ba J, Peng RS, Xu D, et al. Wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a form of macular degeneration in which abnormal blood. Exudative age-related macular degeneration, unspecified eye, with inactive choroidal neovascularization: H353293: Exudative age-related macular degeneration, unspecified eye, with inactive scar: H3533:H35. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss in industrialized nations for those age 65 and above. As many as 11 million people in the United States have some form of age-related macular degeneration. The seventh character, the stage, of the ICD-10 code for wet AMD will be coded 0 to 3. Several classification systems are used to define AMD both clinically and for research purposes. 6 Due to the aging population, this estimate is expected to reach 5. H35. 3213 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, with inactive scar . 3194. 0 Definitions Manual: Skip to content: MDC 02 Diseases and disorders of the eye: Other disorders of the eye:. Retinal pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) are structural splitting within the inner aspect of Bruch’s membrane separating the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the remaining Bruch’s membrane. ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or special. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H35. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical outcomes of 10 patients with disciform scars from age-related macular. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) leads to visual impairment if not treated promptly. ICD-10. 31 – Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration; H35. ICD 10 code for Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration, left eye, stage unspecified. 31 Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry AMD): This code is used when documenting nonexudative or dry age-related macular degeneration. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The following code (s) above H35. 31 became effective on October 1, 2023. 3110, H35. Showing 1-25: ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code H35. Subscribe to Codify by AAPC and get the code details in a flash. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code H35. These 4 changes occur in the central area of the retina (macula). [] It is characterized by distinct clinical stages including early and intermediate AMD with drusen (yellow deposits under the retina made up of lipids and proteins) and macular pigmentary changes, usually associated with normal or near-normal vision; and late AMD, which is. Drusen are small clumps of protein. It is found in the 2023 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2022 - Sep 30, 2023 . It’s an eye disease that damages cells in the central part of your retina called the macula. Risk factors such as age, race,. 3221. Exudative age-related macular degeneration: ICD-10 codes not covered for indications listed in the CPB (not all-inclusive): A18. 3211 Exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, with active choroidal neovascularization H35. 443 X H35. The majority of patients with severe visual loss suffer from the wet form of AMD wherein there is choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and associated manifestations such as retinal pigment. The main risk factor is advancing age, with the severity of vision loss ranging from mild to severe. [2] ICD 10 code for Exudative age-related macular degeneration, left eye, with active choroidal neovascularization. ICD-10-CM=International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification; LT=left; NDC=National Drug Code; RT=right. Because this is a new code, geographic atrophy is included in VEHSS as a subgroup of dry-form AMD. Z83. Wet-form AMD: Wet-form AMD includes diagnosis codes indicating exudative age-related macular degeneration. 500 results found. In 2020, some 200 million persons are affected by AMD worldwide. ICD 10 code for Exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, with inactive choroidal neovascularization. Drug Des Devel Ther. Exudative age-related macular degeneration, left eye. Wet age-related macular degeneration; H35. 3220:. 31), the ICD-10 codes didn’t specify eye. It signifies the presence of abnormal blood vessel growth under the macula, often leading to sudden vision loss. 312 may differ. Many people will first have the dry form, which can progress to. The wet type always begins as the dry type. 52 Exudative age-related macular degeneration; ICD-10-CM; H35. Wet AMD is called neovascular AMD (nAMD) and is characterized by the formation of choroidal. Diagnosis for age-related macular degeneration (ICD-10-CM): H35. In industrialized countries, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in adults older than 60 years of age. 32 – Exudative age-related macular degeneration. Purpose: To describe the clinical and multimodal imaging (MMI) features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes presenting with intraretinal exudation and no evidence of neovascularization or structural alterations of native retinal vessels. 411 H35. ”Technically, this is called CNV or. Macular Degeneration, a common eye condition affecting the macula in the retina, can be classified using specific ICD-10 codes. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains the leading cause of irreversible blindness in people aged over 50 in western countries, the wet form (wAMD) being responsible for approximately 90% of blindness attributable to AMD []. These leak blood or fluid which leads to scarring of the macula and. ARMD is associated with the presence of drusen, without visual loss early in the disease, and often progresses to retinal atrophy and central retinal degeneration with associated loss of central vision. It is found in the 2024 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2023 - Sep 30, 2024 . Subtle abnormalities indicating changes in vision may occur in a person's forties or fifties. Nataša Mandić/Stocksy. AMD is a chronic and progressive degenerative disorder of the macula that leads to a loss of central vision. ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or special. By Kierstan Boyd. 3292. How to Use the ICD-10 Codes for Age-Related Macular Degeneration Coding for Laterality in AMD When you use the codes for dry AMD (H35. vision if superimposed on the foveal region. doi:10. 2 mg of copper (as cupric oxide). H35. ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or special. However, reactivation can occur resulting in further worsening of patients. 312 - other international versions of ICD-10 H35. H35. GA is a characteristic of advanced macular degeneration that causes blind patches in one's eyesight. Q Will dry and wet age-related macular degeneration codes adopt laterality also? A Yes. 321 Exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye H35. 8 million (12. 2015 Sep 28;9:5397-405500 results found. H35. 24); increased 10-year incidence of wet AMD in NPDR vs. H35. Wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a form of macular degeneration in which abnormal blood vessels form under the retina and macula of your eye. Geographic atrophy (GA) can develop from both the wet and the dry forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ) “Dry” age-related macular degeneration does not involve any leakage of blood or serum. 1The following are the ICD-10 diagnostic codes for various forms of AMD: AMD (ICD 10 macular degeneration) Coding for Laterality You must use the sixth character to indicate laterality when using ICD 10 codes for macular degeneration, dry AMD (H35. Listed below are all Medicare Accepted ICD-10 codes under H35. ICD 10 code for Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration, bilateral, early dry stage. a 5–7 years of follow-up, approximately half of the participants treated with anti-VEGF therapy in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment Trials CATT retained ≥ 20/40 vision. Early detection and treatment of wet macular degeneration may help reduce vision loss. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code H35. 30: Wet age-related. 1 Introduction. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H35. 3222 - other international versions of ICD-10 H35. Nonexudative (dry) age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD) accounts for more than 90% of patients diagnosed with AMD. 3231ICD 10 code for Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration, left eye, intermediate dry stage. Degenerative pathology affecting the macular retina of older people has been recognized over the centuries. Patients with wet AMD often have symptoms which can alert healthcare professionals to. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth (ICD-9) and Tenth (ICD-10) Revision code-based inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients with CSC and controls were identified in both the. 3112,. In the western world, the late forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in patients 65 year or older, with an anticipated rise to 288 million cases worldwide [1, 2]. Age-related macular degeneration Robyn H Guymer, Thomas G Campbell. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code H35. 2014;98(9):1144-1167. Wet AMD About 10 to 15 per cent of people who develop late AMD have wet AMD, often having had dry AMD to begin with. Nonexudative AMD. Age-related macular degeneration is an acquired retinal disorder which is. 80 mg of zinc (as zinc oxide). ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code H35. Late-stage. Wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) develops when abnormal blood vessels grow into the macula. Family history of degenerative disorder of macula; Family history of eye disorder other than glaucoma; Family history of macular degeneration; Family history of retinal detachment; Family history of retinitis. 3211 Exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, with active choroidal neovascularization H35. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H35. Introduction. 3212. Background Razumab™ (world’s first biosimilar ranibizumab) is approved for several macular disorders including wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code H35. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is part of the spectrum of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that consists of an abnormal growth of vessels from the choroidal vasculature to the neurosensory retina through the Bruch's membrane. 31 Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration; Disease. Age-related macular degeneration affects individuals older than 55 years and threatens high-Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the key pathological event of wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) leading to irreversible vision loss. Subjects < 45 years of age (n = 1940,657) diagnosed with AMD based on ICD-10 codes (H35. Your ophthalmologist will diagnose it as either dry or wet AMD. 051 - H35. Exudative retinopathy, unspecified eye. 4 million by 2050. Age -related reticular degeneration of retina H35. After that date, the ICD-10 codes take effect, and you would report H35. Yet, the timing of cataract surgery in wet AMD patients is controversial. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness among elderly patients in developed countries. The other type, dry macular degeneration, is more common and less. 311 is grouped within Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG v 41. The wet form affects 10 percent of all people with AMD, and accounts for 90 percent of legal blindness from the disease. Table 3: Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Right eye Left eye bilateral Wet (exudative) amd, with active choroidal neovascularization H35. Subscribe to Codify by AAPC and get the code details in a flash. Newly diagnosed MI and ischemic stroke were identified using the ICD‐10 code for MI (ICD‐10 code I21 or I22 during hospitalization, or these codes having been. One is called neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and it is a leading cause of vision loss in people 50 years of age and over. 449 Lattice degeneration of retina H35. Both forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are diagnosed by funduscopic examination. Undertreatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration after 10 years of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in the real world: the need for a change of mindset Ophthalmologica , 243 ( 1 ) ( 2020 ) , pp. The estimated global prevalence of AMD is 8. Dry AMD is caused by deposition of various metabolites under the retinal pigment epithelium and. 3223. 50 should only be used for claims with a date of service on or before. 3211 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, with active choroidal neovascularization . 3231 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Exudative age-related macular degeneration, bilateral, with active choroidal neovascularization . 2015 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 362. 313. ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or special. ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code H35. 2009. Epub 2009 May 1. 30 for Unspecified macular degeneration is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -Disorders of choroid and retina . This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H35. 443 to ICD. 3131. This condition is sometimes called myopic atrophy or degeneration secondary to pathological myopia. 3212 Exudative age-related macular. 32 - Exudative age-related macular degeneration; Convert to ICD-9-CM Code. 2. ICD 10 code for Type 2 diabetes mellitus with unspecified diabetic retinopathy with macular edema. Knowing the type present in the patient will help you narrow down to the right AMD ICD-10 code. Some people (around 10%) go on to develop wet AMD. 3132 in. H35. You develop wet AMD whenH35. 32. Ophthalmology. This heterogeneous disease results from a complex interaction of elements, including age, genetics, and environmental factors such as smoking and nutritional intake. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code H35. Applicable To. 518 became effective on October 1, 2023. Correct staging enables more accurate characterization, which is im-portant for understanding risk for visu-al loss; it also helps to ensure accurate documentation and efficient billing. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of severe vision loss in elderly people. Your ophthalmologist will diagnose it as either dry or wet AMD. 400 international units (IU) of vitamin E. 30 contain annotation back-references that may be applicable to H35. 7% global prevalence in 2020 [2] Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration ( AMD or ARMD ), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field. 321. 3194: Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration [Geographic atrophy] H35. 311. 3. 3293: Exudative age-related macular degeneration [Geographic atrophy] Introduction. 3210 Exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, stage unspecified H35. Applicable To. Other ICD-10-CM Codes Commonly Used. S. Wet AMD happens when abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula. 3210 Exudative age-related macular degeneration, right eye, stage unspecified; Billable - H35. This is because wet age-related macular degeneration accounts for most patients with CNVM. When originally published, dry AMD — regardless of which eye — was coded as H35. Dry AMD is when parts of the macula get thinner with age and tiny clumps of protein called drusen grow. 32 – Exudative age-related macular degeneration. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code H35. [1] Early on there are often no symptoms. ” The eye will be indicated by the sixth digit in the ICD-10 code, and the stage of AMD will be the seventh digit. control (HR 1. H35. 3123 - other international versions of ICD-10 H35. Advanced age-related macular degeneration a leading cause of irreversible blindness and visual impairment in the world. 3112. 3293 is a billable diagnosis code used to specify a medical diagnosis of exudative age-related macular degeneration, unspecified eye, with inactive scar. 31 may differ. This site is dedicated exclusively to helping you look up ICD-10 codes, quickly access the codes you use most, and become more comfortable with the new code set in general. Atrophic age-related macular degeneration. In particular the identification of wet AMD is important, as timely and appropriate treatment can save sight. Code History. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. 1, 2016, ICD-10 will delete both of those codes, in favor of a series of more. ICD-Code H35. or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60 and older. Anti- VEGF therapy is an established treatment for wet macular degeneration, but currently is delivered by repeated injections. 31 may differ. This population-based longitudinal follow-up study showed an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration in both men and women with osteoporosis. However, reactivation can occur resulting in further worsening of patients. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common form of macular degeneration 3 and is the term given to ageing changes in the eye without any other obvious cause. 124 Other disorders of the eye with mcc or thrombolytic agent; 125 Other disorders of the eye without mcc; Convert H35. For example: H35. 1, 2015. 31 became effective on October 1, 2023. 31 - Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration; Convert to ICD-9-CM Code. This review aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the pathophysiology, clinical and.